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APPRISE Selected Reports

Low-Income Usage Reduction Program Research and Evaluation

AmerenUE partnered with the Missouri Department of Natural Resources Energy Center and other utilities to provide weatherization services to low-income households through the Low Income Weatherization Program (LIWP). The goal of the program is to provide energy efficient improvements to low-income customers to reduce their utility bills and help them prepare for the heating and cooling seasons. APPRISE conducted a process and impact evaluation of the weatherization program. The goals of this research were to assess the effectiveness of the program and to identify opportunities for program improvement. This report presents the findings from the evaluation of the program. Download Here.
While low-income energy efficiency programs target many important goals, this paper focuses on how programs can achieve one important objective – maximizing energy savings. An examination of energy savings by pre-treatment usage demonstrates how important it is to obtain participation among the highest usage customers. Research on savings achieved by the number of major measures installed shows why it is critical to address problems that prevent important efficiency improvements. Clear program procedures, comprehensive contractor training, extensive quality control, re-training where needed, and assessment of energy saving results over time through the use of direct billing analysis are needed to ensure effectiveness. This paper presents research on how programs may achieve higher savings by targeting high users, installing major measures, and ensuring high quality work. The paper was presented at the 2015 International Energy Program Evaluation Conference. Download Here.
Colorado’s Governor’s Energy Office (GEO) implemented new energy efficiency initiatives in 2006 to improve the energy efficiency of low-income homes. The initiatives include the First Response Program to provide low-cost, cost-effective energy efficiency measures and education to Low-Income Energy Assistance Program (LEAP) eligible households. APPRISE was hired by GEO in April 2007 to conduct an evaluation of the initial implementation of the First Response Program. This report presents preliminary findings from the CO First Response Process Evaluation. Download Here.
Colorado’s Governor’s Energy Office (GEO) implemented new energy efficiency initiatives in 2006 to improve the energy efficiency of low-income homes. The initiatives include the First Response Program to provide low-cost, cost-effective energy efficiency measures and education to Low-Income Energy Assistance Program (LEAP) eligible households. APPRISE was hired by GEO in April 2007 to conduct an evaluation of the initial implementation of the First Response Program. This report provides information that supplements the CO First Response Process Evaluation on the effectiveness of program implementation, based on a survey with clients who received program services. Download Here.
The State of Colorado has implemented a new Energy $ervices, First Response program targeted to low-income households with average or below average levels of electricity and gas consumption. This program aims to reinforce energy efficient behaviors and help low-income households to reduce their energy consumption. Prior to implementation, APPRISE conducted research on the service delivery models for high-volume, low-cost services that have been implemented in other states. This 2006 memo furnishes information on the program models and the organizations and/or vendors who implemented the programs and makes recommendations to Colorado regarding the applicability of these models to the Energy $ervices, First Response program. Download Here.
The International Energy Program Evaluation Conference (IEPEC) is an annual professional conference for energy program implementers; evaluators of those programs; local, state, national and international representatives; and academic researchers actively working in the field of evaluation. APPRISE presented a paper on a Comparison of Pooled and Household-Level Usage Impact Analysis at the 2013 IEPEC. The paper describes models that fall into the house-by-house and the pooled weather normalization approaches, explores the advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches, and compares analysis results using the two methods. The paper then provides recommendations as to when each approach should be used. Download Here.
The International Energy Program Evaluation Conference (IEPEC) is an annual professional conference for energy program implementers, evaluators of those programs, local, state, national and international representatives, and academic researchers actively working in the field of evaluation. In 2011, APPRISE presented a poster on the topic of Evaluating Low-Income Energy Efficiency Programs. While low-income energy efficiency programs share many goals and characteristics with general market residential energy efficiency programs, they often differ in objectives, design, participants, and impacts. This poster focuses on three program areas – program design, analysis issues, and cost-benefit analysis – where different considerations should be taken into account when evaluating low-income programs. Download Here.
The NJ Comfort Partners Program provides no-cost energy efficiency services to low-income utility customers throughout the state. The program is unique because electric and gas utilities across the state have collaborated to provide joint service delivery to eligible customers. A comprehensive evaluation of this program is assessing how program procedures have been implemented and the effectiveness of program treatments. The research includes analysis of program data, usage and payment impact analysis, customer surveys, on-site observation of service delivery, and post-completion inspections. The research will also include an analysis of how program protocols for energy savings relate to the actual savings achieved in the program. Because the evaluation includes on-site research, information on the quality and comprehensiveness of treatments will be factored into this analysis. Recommendations will be also be made for modifying the protocols to provide for more accurate predictions of energy savings. This paper presents an overview of the research methodology and a sample of results from initial evaluation activities. The paper was presented in a poster session at the 2014 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings. Download Here.
First State CAA is implementing a heating replacement and energy conservation program for the Delaware Department of Health and Social Services. The Repair Replace Heaters and Conserving Energy (RRHACE) program is designed to assess the needs of low-income households and to deliver a customized set of services, including heating equipment assessment and services, Healthy Homes assessment and services, and energy education. The purpose of this memo is to furnish First State Community Action Agency (First State) with findings from on-site observations conducted by APPRISE for the Repair Replace Heaters and Conserving Energy (RRHACE) program. APPRISE staff accompanied First State staff on several inspection visits to client homes to observe the heating equipment inspection process, the provision of program services, and First State’s interactions with program participants. Download Here.
First State CAA is implementing a heating replacement and energy conservation program for the Delaware Department of Health and Social Services. The Repair Replace Heaters and Conserving Energy (RRHACE) program is designed to assess the needs of low-income households and to deliver a customized set of services, including heating equipment assessment and services, Healthy Homes assessment and services, and energy education. The purpose of this memo is to furnish First State Community Action Agency (First State) with findings from in-depth interviews conducted by APPRISE for the Assurance 16 Energy Education component of the Repair Replace Heaters and Conserving Energy (RRHACE) program. APPRISE staff interviewed enrolled clients in the Assurance 16 Energy Education program to ask them about their experience in the program, their understanding of the program goals, and their interactions with First State’s Energy Educator. In addition, APPRISE staff interviewed First State’s Energy Educator to discuss the program process, including how clients are enrolled, how education is provided, and how performance is monitored and assessed. Download Here.

First State CAA is implementing a heating replacement and energy conservation program for the Delaware Department of Health and Social Services. The Repair Replace Heaters and Conserving Energy (RRHACE) program is designed to assess the needs of low-income households and to deliver a customized set of services, including heating equipment assessment and services, Healthy Homes assessment and services, and energy education. The purpose of this memo is to furnish First State Community Action Agency (First State) with findings from in-depth interviews conducted by APPRISE for the Healthy Homes component of the Repair Replace Heaters and Conserving Energy (RRHACE) program. APPRISE staff interviewed recent recipients of Healthy Homes services to ask them about their experience with the program, the potential health and safety hazards that were identified in their homes, and their interactions with First State staff and subcontractors. In addition, APPRISE staff interviewed First State’s Healthy Homes Assessor to discuss how clients are identified for Healthy Homes, the hazard scoring process, service delivery, and how performance is monitored and assessed. Download Here.

First State CAA is implementing a heating replacement and energy conservation program for the Delaware Department of Health and Social Services. The Repair Replace Heaters and Conserving Energy (RRHACE) program is designed to assess the needs of low-income households and to deliver a customized set of services, including heating equipment assessment and services, Healthy Homes assessment and services, and energy education. The purpose of this memo is to furnish First State Community Action Agency (First State) with findings from in-depth client interviews conducted by APPRISE for the Repair Replace Heaters and Conserving Energy (RRHACE) program. APPRISE staff interviewed recent RRHACE participants to ask them about their experience in the program, including their reason for seeking assistance, their recollection of the inspection process, and their interactions with First State staff and subcontractors. Download Here.
First State CAA is implementing a heating replacement and energy conservation program for the Delaware Department of Health and Social Services. The Repair Replace Heaters and Conserving Energy (RRHACE) program is designed to assess the needs of low-income households and to deliver a customized set of services, including heating equipment assessment and services, Healthy Homes assessment and services, and energy education. The purpose of this memo is to furnish First State Community Action Agency (First State) with findings from in-depth subcontractor interviews conducted by APPRISE for the Repair Replace Heaters and Conserving Energy (RRHACE) program. APPRISE staff interviewed two of the primary program subcontractors to ask them about their experience in the program, their approach towards providing services to RRHACE clients, their understanding of program protocols and requirements, and their relationship with First State staff. Download Here.

Many low-income usage reduction programs are facing increasing challenges serving customers due to the prevalence of health and safety problems that prevent major measures from being installed. As a result of serious issues in the home, customers must be deferred or are treated with only minor services, and high-usage customers with good potential for savings do not participate or only achieve low energy savings. APPRISE conducted research to assess the circumstances under which additional cost-effective health and safety spending can be made to achieve greater savings for low-income customers and the program as a whole. Download Here.

The Illinois REACh project was an innovative pilot program aimed to help low-income households maintain energy service throughout the year and reduce the health and safety risks associated with energy service disruption. The comprehensive program worked with clients to increase resources available for paying energy bills, reduce the amount of energy used through effective energy-saving actions and participation in usage reduction programs, and develop the skills that are needed to maintain energy service through proactive management of their monthly budgets and energy bills. This report includes the evaluation plan for this program and the final impact and process evaluation results that looked at whether the program design is appropriate, whether there are any barriers to implementing the program as designed, and whether the program has achieved the intended impacts. Download Here.
APPRISE conducted research for the Environmental Defense Fund to document low-income energy efficiency (LIEE) programs in four states and around the country. The research assessed the state-level policy and program design changes that are necessary to overcome barriers and fully realize the benefits of LIEE. The topics that were explored included the Regulatory and Program Structure of LIEE offerings, Barriers to and Potential for Investment in Low-Income Energy Efficiency, Best Practices for Low-Income Energy Efficiency Programs, and Policies and Financing Mechanisms. The report answered three core questions: 1) How does the current regulatory and program structure of LIEE offerings in each state impact the scale, speed, and efficiency of deployment, 2) What are the specific barriers to deploying LIEE to levels approaching its potential, and 3) What are some of the best practices for LIEE program design, marketing, reporting to expand LIEE in each target state. Download Here.

A northeastern electric and gas utility implemented a low- and moderate-income multi-family smart thermostat pilot program in 2018. The goals of the pilot were to develop an understanding of the multi-family low- and moderate-income market segment, identify barriers to the installation of smart thermostats in this market segment, and evaluate the customer experience and impacts on energy usage. The program installed Nest-E, Honeywell-T6, and Ecobee-3 thermostats in 942 units within 16 buildings across the service territory. The pilot program included a comprehensive evaluation. The research entailed market characterization to assess the potential for expanded implementation throughout the utility’s service territory; interviews with project managers, implementation staff, and building managers; a quantitative survey with 200 participants; and a usage impact analysis to estimate the impact of the program on electric and gas usage. The experience shows that there is potential for implementing this program on a wider basis and provides specific recommendations for how to achieve the most efficient and effective installation. Download Here.

The purpose of the MN CARD study was to help the Minnesota Department of Commerce, utilities, implementation contractors, and other interested parties develop a better understanding of how the Low-Income Conservation Improvement Programs operate with the goal of identifying ways to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of those programs. The findings and recommendations from this study are covered in four CARD reports. This report furnishes an overview of the findings and recommendations from those four reports. Download Here.
The purpose of the MN CARD study was to help the Minnesota Department of Commerce, utilities, implementation contractors, and other interested parties to develop a better understanding of how the Low-Income Conservation Improvement Programs (CIP) operate with the goal of identifying ways to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of those programs. This report furnishes a comprehensive assessment of the CIP services delivered to low-income households by Minnesota’s Community-Owned Utilities (COUs). Download Here.
The purpose of the MN CARD study was to help the Minnesota Department of Commerce, utilities, implementation contractors, and other interested parties to develop a better understanding of how the Low-Income Conservation Improvement Programs (CIP) operate with the goal of identifying ways to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of those programs. This report furnishes a comprehensive assessment of the CIP services delivered to low-income households by Minnesota’s Investor-Owned Utilities (IOUs). Download Here.
The purpose of the MN CARD study was to help the Minnesota Department of Commerce (Department), utilities, implementation contractors, and other interested parties to develop a better understanding of how the Low-Income Conservation Improvement Programs operate with the goal of identifying ways to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of those programs. This report furnishes findings and recommendations on ways to make Department policies clearer and more consistent, to develop guidance that would improve the quality of low-income program service delivery, and to identify opportunities for enhanced collaboration between publicly-funded and ratepayer-funded programs. This report focuses on policies and procedures for natural gas and electric Community Owned Utilities (COUs) which consist of cooperatives and municipal utilities. Download Here.
The purpose of the MN CARD study was to help the Minnesota Department of Commerce (Department), utilities, implementation contractors, and other interested parties to develop a better understanding of how the Low-Income Conservation Improvement Programs operate with the goal of identifying ways to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of those programs. This report furnishes findings and recommendations on ways that changes to policies and procedures might result in improved efficiency and effectiveness of the Investor-Owned Utility (IOU) low-income programs. In addition, the project team developed recommendations for how the different Department units each could contribute to more effective communication of these policies and procedures and could support collaboration among programs that serve low-income households. Download Here.
The Weatherization Assistance Program combines Department of Energy funding with resources from the federal Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program and other funding sources to deliver comprehensive energy efficiency services to low-income households. DOE contracted with the Oak Ridge National Laboratory to conduct process and impact evaluations of the national WAP for 2008 and 2010. The project resulted in more than forty published reports that are available on the ORNL website. The purpose of this paper is to review important evaluation findings for single family homes, make policy recommendations based on those findings, and suggest follow-up evaluation objectives and methods. While the study found that WAP measured savings were only about 60 percent of DOE’s program savings goals, there are good strategies for increasing the program performance through better targeting of high usage homes and ongoing quality improvement efforts. In addition, DOE would do well to separately track their energy savings performance and their health and safety performance to better document the value of the program. Download Here.
The NJ Comfort Partners Program provides no-cost energy efficiency services to low-income utility customers throughout the state. APPRISE conducted a comprehensive evaluation of this program. The Data Tracking Research assessed the comprehensiveness, sufficiency, and accuracy of the program database. The Process Evaluation included review and assessment of materials and procedures; interviews with utility managers; interviews and on-site observations at service delivery contractors; on-site observation of audits, installations, and third party inspections; and post-completion inspections of program installations. The Affordability Evaluation included a telephone survey with program participants and analysis of the program’s impact on affordability of energy bills and participation in the NJ Universal Service Fund program. The Impact Evaluation included analysis of program data, engineering impact analysis, usage impact analysis, and savings realization analysis. The Energy Savings Protocols Research included review and assessment of protocols currently in use to estimate program savings. Download Here.

The New Jersey Comfort Partners (NJCP) Program provides critical usage reduction and health and safety services to income-qualified households to increase energy affordability, improve health and safety, and reduce ratepayer bill subsidies. This report provides findings from an evaluation of NJCP jobs completed in 2018. The goals of the evaluation were to estimate energy savings, review and provide recommendations for the energy saving protocols, and provide feedback on how the program may be modified to better achieve its goals. Evaluation research included analysis of changes to program procedures since the last evaluation; a weather-normalized, comparison group-adjusted analysis of the impacts of the program on participants’ electric and natural gas consumption; analysis of the program’s cost-effectiveness; in-depth telephone interviews with program participants; a realization rate analysis; and recommendations for program refinement. Download Here.

This report presents the findings from the Final Affordability Evaluation of the Comfort Partners Program. In this evaluation we analyzed pre- and post-treatment payment and usage data to examine changes in energy affordability that resulted from the energy efficiency services and the arrearage forgiveness program. Download Here.
This report presents the findings from the Comprehensiveness Evaluation of the Comfort Partners Program. In this evaluation, we documented the procedures used in the Comfort Partners Program, assessed the extent to which service delivery followed documented program procedures, evaluated the program’s procedures in the context of service delivery challenges and in comparison to procedures used in other low-income energy programs, and assessed the extent to which comprehensive services were delivered. Download Here.
This report presents the findings from the Comfort Partners Core Survey and the Comfort Partners Arrearage Survey. In these surveys, we spoke with recipients of program services to determine how well the recipients understand the program, their level of satisfaction with services received, impacts of services on comfort in the home, and impacts of the program on energy use behavior. Download Here.
This report presents the findings from the Process Evaluation of the Comfort Partners Program. In this evaluation, we documented the procedures used in the Comfort Partners Program, assessed the extent to which service delivery adhered to program procedures, and assessed the program’s procedures. Recommendations for refining and improving the Comfort Partners Program are made based on this research. Download Here.
This report presents findings from the usage impact evaluation of the Comfort Partners Seniors Pilot. The New Jersey Comfort Partners Seniors Pilot extended Comfort Partners weatherization services to seniors in Monroe Township, New Jersey, with income above the guidelines for the Comfort Partners Program. In this evaluation, we analyzed program participants’ electric usage to determine the impact of energy services provided by the program. The evaluation found that customers reduced annual electric usage by eight percent of pre-treatment usage, as compared to a comparison group of households who were treated by the program at a later date. Download Here.
This report presents the findings from the Tracking System Evaluation for the Comfort Partners Program. In the evaluation, we identified the program’s information needs; conducted research on the content and quality of information in the current tracking system; assessed the sufficiency, accuracy, and efficiency of the system; and developed recommendations for enhancements to the system. Download Here.
The New Hampshire REACh Furnace Cleaning Program aimed to decrease energy usage and reduce home energy insecurity for low-income households in northern New Hampshire by cleaning furnaces and identifying furnaces in needed of repair and replacement. Extensive furnace repairs and furnace replacements were also provided in those homes where the need was identified. APPRISE’s evaluation included interviews with program managers, community agency staff, and furnace cleaners; and analysis of the impact of the program on energy usage, energy insecurity, and furnace safety and efficiency indicators. Download Here.
This report presents a detailed description and analysis of Niagara Mohawk’s Low-Income Customer Assistance Program (LICAP). The program consists of an affordable payment plan, arrears forgiveness, energy use management education, and energy efficiency services. The report describes the program funding, number of customers served, investment levels, and projected usage impacts for customers served from 1998 through 2002. Based on this research, the report provides recommendations for program improvements. Download Here.
This report presents a detailed description and analysis of Niagara Mohawk’s Low-Income Customer Assistance Program (LICAP). The program consists of an affordable payment plan, arrears forgiveness, energy use management education, and energy efficiency services. The report describes the program funding, number of customers served, investment levels, and projected usage impacts for customers served from 2002 through 2004. The report also summarizes findings from a contractor survey and a customer survey. Download Here.
This report presents a cohort study of households that enrolled in Niagara Mohawk’s LICAP program in fall 1998. The report analyzes the account status of customers, payment plan participation status, and impacts of the program on payments and bill coverage rates, by type of energy efficiency service received. Arrears forgiveness and changes in arrears are also examined. Download Here.
This report presents a cohort study of households that enrolled in Niagara Mohawk’s LICAP program in fall 1998. The report analyzes energy savings for households that received workshops, weatherization, and appliance replacement. The report also analyzes the impact of the services on coverage rates and arrearages, and determines the cost-effectiveness of the services provided. Download Here.
The purpose of this report was to furnish the BPU and the Clean Energy Council with detailed documentation of the existing program models and data on the impacts of the NJ LIWAP and allow advisors and decision-makers to start with a common understanding of those program models. Where there are important differences between the program models, the analysis discusses the rationale for each program’s design to help the BPU and the Clean Energy Council assess which model might be most appropriate for a ratepayer-funded low-income usage reduction program. Download Here.
NYSERDA’s EmPower Program provides cost-effective electric reduction measures to low-income households. These measures include lighting and refrigerator replacements, insulation, air-sealing, heating system repair and replacement, and health and safety measures. The program provides in-home energy use education to customers to assist them with strategies for managing their energy costs. APPRISE conducted surveys with nonparticipants to assess barriers to program participation. This methodology report describes the procedures used to conduct the nonparticipant Survey. Download Here.
NYSERDA’s EmPower Program provides cost-effective electric reduction measures to low-income households. These measures include lighting and refrigerator replacements, insulation, air-sealing, heating system repair and replacement, and health and safety measures. Participants are invited to energy-use management and financial management workshops held in communities across the state. APPRISE conducted surveys with participants of the workshops to assess the usefulness of the workshops. This methodology report describes the procedures used to conduct the EmPower Workshop Attendees Survey. Download Here.
This report presents the findings and recommendations from the second year of the Process Evaluation of the Ohio Electric Partnership Program. This evaluation included interviews with program administrators and contractors, a client survey, observation of service delivery, an agency survey, analysis of the economic impacts of the program, and an analysis of the refrigerator replacement bid process. The evaluation documented the program accomplishments and challenges, and made recommendations for continued improvement to program delivery. Download Here.
This report presents the findings and recommendations from the third year of the Process Evaluation of the Ohio Electric Partnership Program. This evaluation included interviews with program administrators, assessment of auditor training sessions, client surveys, agency manager and auditor surveys, and review of program statistics and production data. The evaluation documented the program accomplishments and challenges, and made recommendations for continued improvement to program delivery. Download Here.
This report presents the findings and recommendations from the fourth year of the Process Evaluation of the Ohio Electric Partnership Program. This evaluation included interviews with program administrators, client surveys, research on the failure rates of CFLs, agency manager and auditor surveys, and review of program statistics and production data. The report documented the program accomplishments and challenges, and made recommendations for continued improvement to program delivery. Download Here.
This report presents the findings from the first year of the Ohio USF Process Evaluation. The goal of the USF Process Evaluation was to assess the program’s design and delivery, the usefulness and quality of its services, and how the context of the delivery of services affected the impact of those services. The Process Evaluation was designed to both provide short-term feedback on the program to allow OEE to remove program implementation barriers early in the program delivery cycle, and to provide a systematic and comprehensive analysis over the longer run to ensure that program operations are consistent, efficient, and effective. The evaluation included administrative interviews, assessment of program training, utility interviews, agency visits and observations, agency interviews, and client qualitative interviews. Download Here.
APPRISE conducted PECO’s 2005 Low Income Usage Reduction Program Impact Evaluation in 2007. One of the highlighted findings in APPRISE’s 2005 PECO LIURP Evaluation was that customers who only received CFLs (because no other conservation opportunities were found in the home or because other services were rejected by the customer) had very large electric usage reductions. The savings were much larger than what would have been expected from only the CFL energy savings. Therefore, we concluded that a significant part of those savings were attributable to energy education provided by the LIURP service delivery professionals and resulting changes in behavior from that energy education. In this report, we review those findings and discuss survey research results that shed additional light on how customers were able to achieve large electric savings. The study provides new evidence on the ability of energy education to reduce energy usage and on the ability of customers to report accurately on both the quality of energy education provided and their resulting changes in energy use behavior. Download Here.

PECO’s Low-Income Usage Reduction Program (LIURP) provides energy efficiency services and energy education to PECO’s low-income customers to reduce their energy usage and increase the affordability of their energy bills. The evaluations estimated the impact of LIURP on participants’ energy usage, energy bills, and payment compliance and surveyed customers to analyze the impact of energy education and client behavioral changes. In the 2012 program evaluation, APPRISE also conducted observations of service delivery and inspections on a sample of completed jobs. This research provided information on potential changes to program services and implementation that may lead to increased program savings. The evaluation of 2016 participants assessed the program process, examined the impacts of program treatments on energy usage and affordability, and surveyed customers to assess program satisfaction. Download Here: 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2016.

PPL Electric Utilities (PPL) implemented the Winter Relief Assistance Program (WRAP) in 1984 to help reduce electric bills and improve home comfort for low-income customers. The objectives of the WRAP are to reduce energy usage and bills of low-income customers and to increase low-income customers’ ability to pay their electric bills, resulting in reduced arrearages. The 2005-2006 WRAP evaluation included a review of program specifications and procedures, customer and contractor surveys, observation of service delivery, usage impact analysis, and payment impact analysis. The evaluation report summarizes the findings from these activities and provides recommendations for program improvement. Download Here.
Residential retrofit programs achieve their greatest impact when auditors select appropriate measures, crews install these measures in accordance with technical protocols, and clients are effectively educated. Concurrent process evaluations are an important tool for ensuring that programs meet these objectives. In this paper, we present information on the design and implementation of a model for the systematic measurement of implementation quality. We demonstrate how we used quantitative data collection methods to provide rigorous assessments of service delivery, present results we have obtained from using these procedures, and illustrate how the model will be used for a national low-income retrofit program. This paper was presented at the 2010 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings. Download Here.

The Minnesota Department of Commerce created the 2021 Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP) Working Group to make legislative recommendations to increase the number of low-income Minnesota households served by weatherization and to explore ways to leverage existing funds and identify new funding sources. This study by the University of Minnesota and APPRISE Incorporated was commissioned by the WAP Working Group. Results of the analysis of state weatherization programs are presented in this report along with case studies based on interviews and document reviews on states’ experiences leveraging WAP funds with other programs, applying additional sources of capital for weatherization, and overcoming barriers to enhancing the reach and quality of weatherization programs. Download Report